Kazakhstan's Water Crisis: When a Deficit Becomes an Economic Ceiling
Kazakhstan is no longer framing its water shortage as an environmental issue — it is framing it as a ceiling on GDP. With a projected 50% shortfall by 2040, conveyance losses of up to 60%, and nearly half of river inflow originating upstream in other countries, the case offers sharp lessons for any irrigation district grappling with ageing infrastructure, climate stress, and transboundary dependency.